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| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Plants and Animal | Back to Top |
orthodox foods have much in common with those elsewhere in the Balkans, favoring breads and roasted meats. The republic produces excellent fruits and vegetables and is famous for its peppers. The wines are very good and are being increasingly produced for export.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Communications | Back to Top |
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Culture | Back to Top |
orthodox families were large, the new urban families are small, particularly among the population that is not ethnic Albanian. The society is traditionally patricentric, with Orthodox Christianity exerting a strong determine among the non-Muslim population. orthodox clothing is colorful, with valuable embroidery, but folk costumes are no longer worn by many people, who dress instead like other southern Europeans. orthodox foods have much in common with those elsewhere in the Balkans, favoring breads and roasted meats. The republic produces excellent fruits and vegetables and is famous for its peppers. The wines are very good and are being increasingly produced for export.
As might be expected in a nation with such a various population, the cultural life of the FYROM is valuable. Folk music draws on Byzantine traditions as well as those associated with the Muslim cultures of the Middle East. Current popular music groups have drawn on this mixed heritage to produce strikingly original music. Many of the Orthodox Christian monasteries and churches are decorated with beautiful frescoes and other works of art. In 1995 a FYROM film, Before the Rain, gained recognition in the United States and was a finalist for an Academy Award in the best foreign-language film category. An internationally renowned gathering of poets is held every year in Struga, on the shores of Lake Ohrid.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Defence | Back to Top |
Military branches: Army (includes Air and Air Defense Forces), Police Force
Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 548,183 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 442,053 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 17,905 (2001 est.)
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | International Disputes | Back to Top |
dispute with Greece over its name; February 2001 agreement with Yugoslavia settled alignment of boundary, stipulating implementation within two years
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Economy | Back to Top |
six republics of the former Yugoslavia, Macedonia was one of the least developed economically. In 1991 its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was about one-third that of Slovenia, the valuableest of the republics. GDP, which measures the value of goods and services produced in a nation, fell by more than 30 % from 1991 to 1995. The independent republic saw its first economic growth in 1996. Unemployment has been a dominant problem, with the unemployment rate topping 33 % in 1995 and rising to 40 % in 1998. In 1998 continued growth and a government program to create jobs began to reduce the number of unemployed workers. In 1999 the GDP was $3.5 billion.
At freedom in November 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the center and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on its largest market Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo hindered economic growth until 1996. GDP has consequently increased each year, rising by 5% in 2000. Successful privatization in 2000 boosted the nation's reserves to over $700 million. Also, the leadership demonstrated a continuing commitment to economic reform, free trade, and regional integration. Inflation jumped to 11% in 2000, largely due to higher oil prices.
FYROM’s economic transition was successful in some ways. Inflation, which was 1,691 % in 1992, had dropped to 1.3 % in mid-1998. Many firms were transferred from government control to private control. Transferring firms to private ownership so that they could operate on the basis of supply and demand was an valuable step in creating a free-market economy in the FYROM. The pace of such structural change was slow until the late 1990s because the process was controlled by insider privatization; that is, many firms were sold to their former managers. laws passed in the late 1990s to discourage insider privatization helped speed structural change. A major increase in foreign investment in FYROM firms in 1998 reinforced the trend.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Education | Back to Top |
Education is free and compulsory from age 7 through 15. The literacy rate is almost 90 %. In 1996, 90 % of eligible boys and 87 % of eligible girls were listed in elementary schools. only 52 % of eligible young men and 48 % of eligible young women were listed in secondary schools. There are two officially accredited universities, the University of Skopje.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Government | Back to Top |
The unicameral assembly (Sobranie) consists of 120 seats. Members are elected by popular vote from party lists, based on the %age parties gain of the overall vote in each of six election districts of 20 seats each. Members of parliament have 4-year mandate.
General parliamentary elections were last held on September 15, 2002. Both local and presidential elections will be held in late 2004
The prime minister is the head of government and is selected by the party or coalition that gains a majority of seats in Parliament. The prime minister and other ministers must not be members of Parliament.
The president represents Macedonia at home and abroad. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces of Macedonia and heads its Security Council. The president is elected by general, direct ballot and has a term of 5 years, with the right to one re-election.
The court system consists of a Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and local and appeals courts. A Republican Judicial Council, composed of 7 members elected by Parliament for a time of 6 years with right to one re-election, governs the ethical conduct of judges, and recommends to Parliament the election of judges. The Supreme Court, responsible for the equal administration of laws by all courts, is the highest court in the nation. Its judges are appointed by Parliament without time limit. The Constitutional Court is responsible for the protection of constitutional and legal rights and for resolving conflicts of power between the three branches of government. Its nine judges are appointed by Parliament with a mandate of 9 years, without the possibility of re-election. An independent Public Prosecutor is appointed by Parliament with a 6-year mandate.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | History | Back to Top |
Throughout its history, the present-day territory of Macedonia has been a crossroads for both traders and conquerors moving between the European Continent and Asia Minor. Each of these transiting powers left its mark upon the region, giving rise to a valuable and varied cultural and historical tradition. The ancient territory of Macedon, included, in addition to the areas of the present-day Macedonia, large parts of present-day Northern Greece and Southwestern Bulgaria. This ancient kingdom reached its height during the reign of Alexander III ("the Great"), who extended Macedon's determine over most of Asia Minor, the Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and even parts of India. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the Macedon Empire gradually declined, until it was conquered in 168 BC and made a province by the Romans in 148 BC.
A coalition of ruling ethnic Macedonian and ethnic Albanian political leaders, with facilitation by U.S. and European Union (EU) diplomats, negotiated and then signed the Ohrid Framework Agreement in August 2001. The agreement called for implementation of constitutional and legislative changes, which lay the foundation for improved civil rights for minority groups. The Macedonian Parliament adopted the constitutional changes outlined in the accord in November 2001. Efforts are currently underway to implement remaining provisions in the Framework Agreement with international assistance.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Introduction | Back to Top |
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of (in Macedonian, Makedonija), or FYROM, landlocked republic in south-eastern Europe, in the Balkan Peninsula. A former constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), it is bordered on the north by Serbia, on the east by Bulgaria, on the south by Greece, and on the west by Albania. After declaring its freedom from the SFRY, following a vote in September 1991, the republic became involved in a dispute with Greece over its official name. In April 1993, following international arbitration, the UN admitted the republic under the compromise name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, pending a settlement with Greece on the issue. The FYROM has a total area of 25,713 sq km (9,928 sq mi). Skopje is its capital and largest city.
Official Name- Former Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Land | Back to Top |
N/A
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Languages | Back to Top |
Macedonian Slavs are traditionally Orthodox Christians and speak a South Slavic language that they call Macedonian. This language is closely related to Bulgarian. Neighboring Bulgaria does not recognize Macedonian as a separate language. The Orthodox Christians who are Macedonian Slavs belong to the Macedonian Orthodox Church.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Legal | Back to Top |
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts vote: 18 years of age; universal administrator branch: chief of state: President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI (since 30 November 1998) cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, LDP, and DPA elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister elected by parliament; election last held NA November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on second-round ballot; % of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito PETKOVSKI 46.2% Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly or Sobranje (120 seats - 85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come from lists of candidates submitted by parties based on the %age that parties gain from the overall vote; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held 18 October and 1 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: % of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43, SDSM 27, PDP 14, DA 13, DPA 11, VMRO-VMRO 6, LDP 4, SP 1, Roma Party 1 Judicial branch: Constitutional Court; Judicial Court of the Republic; judges for both courts are elected by the Judicial Council
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Life | Back to Top |
1945 what is today the FYROM has undergone a transition from an overwhelmingly agricultural society, with more than 90 % of the people living in rural areas, to a mixed industrial-agricultural society, with only 40 % of the population living in rural areas. While orthodox families were large, the new urban families are small, particularly among the population that is not ethnic Albanian. The society is traditionally patricentric, with Orthodox Christianity exerting a strong determine among the non-Muslim population. orthodox clothing is colorful, with valuable embroidery, but folk costumes are no longer worn by many people, who dress instead like other southern Europeans. orthodox foods have much in common with those elsewhere in the Balkans, favoring breads and roasted meats. The republic produces excellent fruits and vegetables and is famous for its peppers. The wines are very good and are being increasingly produced for export.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | organization | Back to Top |
T (associate), BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | People | Back to Top |
The FYROM had an around population of 2,046,209 in 2001, with an average population density of 80 persons per sq km.Some 62 % of the population lives in urban areas, mainly in the 5 largest cities: the capital Skopje, Bitola, Prilep, Kumanovo, and Tetovo.The FYROM has one of the most complex ethnic populations in Europe. In a census taken under international control in 1994, people who identified themselves as Macedonian Slavs made up 67% of the population.
Since the end of the Second World War, Macedonia's population has grown steadily, with the greatest increases occurring in the ethnic Albanian community.The western part of the nation, where most ethnic Albanians live, is the most heavily populated, with around 40% of the total population. As the population grew, more people moved into the cities in search of employment. Comparing 1948 census results to the 1994 recording, the urban population grew from 28.7% to 58.4% of the population.
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Politics | Back to Top |
Democratic Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party for Albanians or DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or VMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto GUSTERVO]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI, president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies of Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Provinces | Back to Top |
123 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aracinovo, Bac, Belcista, Berovo, Bistrica, Bitola, Blatec, Bogdanci, Bogomila, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Cair (Skopje), Capari, Caska, Cegrane, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer-Sandevo, Debar, Delcevo, Delogozdi, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dobrusevo, Dolna Banjica, Dolneni, Dorce Petrov (Skopje), Drugovo, Dzepciste, Gazi Baba (Skopje), Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Izvor, Jegunovce, Kamenjane, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda (Skopje), Klecevce, Kocani, Konce, Kondovo, Konopiste, Kosel, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kuklis, Kukurecani, Kumanovo, Labunista, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Lukovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovi Anovi, Meseista, Miravci, Mogila, Murtino, Negotino, Negotino-Poloska, Novaci, Novo Selo, Oblesevo, Ohrid, Orasac, Orizari, Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnia, Podares, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Rostusa, Samokov, Saraj, Sipkovica, Sopiste, Sopotnika, Srbinovo, Star Dojran, Staravina, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Topolcani, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Velesta, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vitoliste, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Vratnica, Vrutok, Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zileno, Zitose, Zletovo, Zrnovci
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| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Time | Back to Top |
| Macedonia ( Yugoslav Republic ) | Currency and General Information | Back to Top |
| Macedonia Denars | United States Dollars |
| 1.00 MKD | 0.0145985 USD |
| 68.5000 MKD | 1 USD |
| Countries Currency Unit | USD/Unit | Units/USD | |
| DZD | Algeria Dinars | 0.0129554 | 77.1877 |
| USD | United States Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| ARS | Argentina Pesos | 0.341293 | 2.93004 |
| AUD | Australia Dollars | 0.533413 | 1.87472 |
| ATS | Austria Schillings ** | 0.0632609 | 15.8076 |
| BSD | Bahamas Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| BBD | Barbados Dollars | 0.502513 | 1.99000 |
| BEF | Belgium Francs ** | 0.0215788 | 46.3417 |
| BMD | Bermuda Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| BRL | Brazil Reals | 0.430318 | 2.32386 |
| GBP | United Kingdom Pounds | 1.42399 | 0.702251 |
| BGL | Bulgaria Leva | 0.447293 | 2.23567 |
| CAD | Canada Dollars | 0.627606 | 1.59336 |
| CLP | Chile Pesos | 0.00152392 | 656.202 |
| CNY | China Yuan Renminbi | 0.120813 | 8.27726 |
| CYP | Cyprus Pounds | 1.49883 | 0.667186 |
| CZK | Czech Republic Koruny | 0.0281883 | 35.4758 |
| DKK | Denmark Kroner | 0.117155 | 8.53568 |
| XCD | East Caribbean Dollars | 0.370370 | 2.70000 |
| EGP | Egypt Pounds | 0.217271 | 4.60255 |
| EUR | Euro | 0.870489 | 1.14878 |
| FJD | Fiji Dollars | 0.447227 | 2.23600 |
| FIM | Finland Markkaa ** | 0.146406 | 6.83034 |
| FRF | France Francs ** | 0.132705 | 7.53550 |
| DEM | Germany Deutsche Marks ** | 0.445074 | 2.24682 |
| XAU | Gold Ounces | 301.977 | 0.00331151 |
| GRD | Greece Drachmae ** | 0.00255463 | 391.447 |
| HKD | Hong Kong Dollars | 0.128215 | 7.79939 |
| HUF | Hungary Forint | 0.00358416 | 279.006 |
| ISK | Iceland Kronur | 0.00999868 | 100.013 |
| INR | India Rupees | 0.0205205 | 48.7319 |
| IDR | Indonesia Rupiahs | 0.000102055 | 9,798.61 |
| IEP | Ireland Pounds ** | 1.10529 | 0.904738 |
| ILS | Israel New Shekels | 0.212386 | 4.70841 |
| ITL | Italy Lire ** | 0.000449570 | 2,224.35 |
| JMD | Jamaica Dollars | 0.0210041 | 47.6099 |
| JPY | Japan Yen | 0.00754183 | 132.594 |
| JOD | Jordan Dinars | 1.41057 | 0.708931 |
| LBP | Lebanon Pounds | 0.000660937 | 1,513.00 |
| LUF | Luxembourg Francs ** | 0.0215788 | 46.3417 |
| MYR | Malaysia Ringgits | 0.263330 | 3.79751 |
| MXN | Mexico Pesos | 0.111007 | 9.00848 |
| NZD | New Zealand Dollars | 0.440474 | 2.27028 |
| NOK | Norway Kroner | 0.113022 | 8.84780 |
| NLG | Netherlands Guilders ** | 0.395011 | 2.53158 |
| PKR | Pakistan Rupees | 0.0166945 | 59.9000 |
| PHP | Philippines Pesos | 0.0196386 | 50.9202 |
| XPT | Platinum Ounces | 510.962 | 0.00195709 |
| PLN | Poland Zlotych | 0.243488 | 4.10699 |
| PTE | Portugal Escudos ** | 0.00434198 | 230.310 |
| ROL | Romania Lei | 0.0000303433 | 32,956.21 |
| RUR | Russia Rubles | 0.0321342 | 31.1195 |
| SAR | Saudi Arabia Riyals | 0.266668 | 3.74998 |
| XAG | Silver Ounces | 4.65692 | 0.214734 |
| SGD | Singapore Dollars | 0.542540 | 1.84318 |
| SKK | Slovakia Koruny | 0.0208441 | 47.9751 |
| ZAR | South Africa Rand | 0.0883340 | 11.3207 |
| KRW | South Korea Won | 0.000759354 | 1,316.91 |
| ESP | Spain Pesetas ** | 0.00523174 | 191.141 |
| XDR | IMF Special Drawing Rights | 1.24862 | 0.800882 |
| SDD | Sudan Dinars | 0.00384615 | 260.000 |
| SEK | Sweden Kronor | 0.0964189 | 10.3714 |
| CHF | Switzerland Francs | 0.593789 | 1.68410 |
| TWD | Taiwan New Dollars | 0.0286531 | 34.9002 |
| THB | Thailand Baht | 0.0230087 | 43.4619 |
| TTD | Trinidad and Tobago Dollars | 0.163399 | 6.12000 |
| TRL | Turkey Liras | 0.000000763622 | 1,309,549.07 |
| VEB | Venezuela Bolivares | 0.00108696 | 920.000 |
| ZMK | Zambia Kwacha | 0.000239866 | 4,169.00 |
| Macedonia : Geographic coordinates | 41 50 N, 22 00 E |
| Macedonia : Population growth rate | 0.43% |
| Macedonia : Birth rate | 13.5 births/1,000 population |
| Macedonia : Death rate | 7.7 deaths/1,000 population |
| Macedonia : People living with HIV/AIDS | 100 |
| Macedonia : Independence | 17 September 1991 |
| Macedonia : National holiday | Uprising Day, 2 August |
| Macedonia : Constitution | 17 November 1991 |
| Macedonia : GDP | purchasing power parity - $9 billion |
| Macedonia : GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $4,400 |
| Macedonia : Electricity - consumption | 5.992 billion kWh |
| Macedonia : Exports | $1.4 billion food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel |
| Macedonia : Imports | $2 billion machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; food products |
| Macedonia : Telephones | 408,000 |
| Macedonia : Mobile cellular | 12,362 |
| Macedonia : Radio broadcast stations | AM 29, FM 20, shortwave 0 |
| Macedonia : Radios | 410,000 |
| Macedonia : Television broadcast stations | 31 |
| Macedonia : Televisions | 510,000 |
| Macedonia : Internet country code | .mk |
| Macedonia : Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 6 |
| Macedonia : Internet users | 30,000 |
| Macedonia : Railways | 699 km |
| Macedonia : Highways | 8,684 km |
| Macedonia : Waterways | N/A |
| Macedonia : Pipelines | 10 km |
| Macedonia : Ports and harbors | N/A |
| Macedonia : Merchant marine | N/A |
| Macedonia : Airports | 16 |
| Macedonia : Heliports | N/A |
| Macedonia : Military branches | Air and Air Defense Forces, Police Force |
| Macedonia : Military expenditures | $76.3 million |