Japan is the world’s second largest economy after the United States. In 1999 Japan’s gross domestic product (GDP) was $4.35 trillion, compared to $9.15 trillion for the United States. Japan also has one of the world’s highest living standards. Economists compare living standards in different countries using a measure called purchasing power parity. This measure takes into account the countries’ differing costs of living. By this measure, Japan’s per capita GDP rose from 21 % of the U.S. level in 1955 to 56 % in 1970. By 1992 per capita GDP had reached $19,920, 86 % of the U.S. level. contempt the overall strength of the Japanese economy, in the late 1990s Japan was mired in its longest recession since World War II. GDP, which had grown slowly in the early 1990s, fell 0.4 % in 1997 and another 2.8 % in 1998. This was the first time in the postwar era that Japan’s GDP declined two years in a row.

Japan's system of economic management is likely without parallel in the world. The extent of direct state participation in economic activities is limited, and the trend is for even less direct involvement. Nonetheless, the government's control and determine over business is stronger and more pervasive than in most other free-enterprise countries. This control is not exercised through legislation or administrative action but through constant—and to an outsider almost obsessive—consultation with business and through the authorities' deep indirect involvement in banking. Consultation is mainly by means of joint committees and groups that keep under review, monitor the performance of, and set targets for nearly every branch and area of the economy. In addition there are several agencies and government departments that concern themselves with such aspects of the economy as exports, imports, investment, and prices, as well as with overall economic growth.

Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) have helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most technologically powerful economy in the world after the US and third largest economy in the world after the US and China. One famous characteristic of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features are now eroding. Industry, the most valuable area of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The much smaller agricultural area is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For three decades overall real economic growth had been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s largely because of the aftereffects of overinvestment during the late 1980s and contractionary domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth have met little success and were further hampered in late 2000 by the slowing of the US and Asian economies. The crowding of habitable land area and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems. Robotics constitutes a key long-term economic strength, with Japan possessing 410,000 of the world's 720,000 "working robots".

Population
	125,761,000
	(1996 official estimate)
Population Density
	337 people/sq km
	(873 people/sq mi)
	(1996 estimate)
Urban/Rural Breakdown
	78% Urban
	22% Rural
Largest Cities
	Tokyo7,967,614
	Yokohama3,307,136
	Osaka2,602,421
	Nagoya2,152,184
	(1995 census)
Ethnic Groups
	99% Japanese
	1%Other
	including Koreans, Chinese, and Brazilians
Languages
Official Language
	Japanese
Other Languages
	minority languages
Religions
	90% Shinto and/or Buddhism
	10% Other
	including Christianity