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| Comoros and Mayotte | Plants and Animal | Back to Top |
Agriculture supported about 80 % of the population and supplied about 96 % of exports in the early 1990s. Two agricultural zones are generally defined: the coastal area, which ranges in elevation from sea level to 400 meters and which supports cash crops such as vanilla, ylang-ylang, and cloves; and the highlands, which support cultivation of crops for domestic consumption, such as cassava, bananas, rain rice, and sweet potatoes. As the population increased, food grown for domestic use met fewer and fewer of Comorans' needs. Data collected by the World Bank showed that food production per capita fell about 12 % from 1980 to 1987. The republic imported virtually all its meat and vegetables; rice imports alone often accounted for up to 30 % of the value of all imports.
Comoros is the world's principal producer of ylang-ylang essence, an essence derived from the flowers of a tree originally brought from Indonesia that is used in manufacturing perfumes and soaps. Ylang-ylang essence is a major component of Chanel No. 5, the popular scent for women. The republic is the world's second largest producer of vanilla, after Madagascar. Cloves are also an valuable cash crop. A total of 237 tons of vanilla was exported in 1991, at a price of about CF19 per kilogram. A total of 2,750 tons of cloves was exported in 1991, at a price of CF397 per kilogram. That year forty-three tons of ylang-ylang essence were exported at a price of about CF23,000 per kilogram. The production of all three commodities fluctuates wildly, mainly in response to changes in global demand and natural disasters such as cyclones. Profits--and therefore, government receipts-- likewise skyrocket and plummet, wreaking havoc with government efforts to predict revenues and plan expenditures.A a system of the EC, provides aid to Comoros and other developing countries to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in the prices of export commodities.
Since the latter part of the 1980s, Comoros has made headway in developing fisheries as a source of export earnings. In 1988 the government concluded a three-year agreement with the EC by which forty French and Spanish vessels would be permitted to fish in Comoran waters, primarily for tuna. In return, Comoros would obtain ECU300,000, and ECU50,000 would be in unconditional in fisheries research. In addition, fishing vessel operators would pay ECU20 per ton of tuna netted. Although the deep waters outside the islands' reefs do not abound in fish, it has been around that up to 30,000 tons of fish could be taken per year from Comoran waters which extend 320 km offshore. The total catch in 1990 was 5,500 tons. Japan has also provided aid to the fishing industry. Fisheries development is overseen by a state agency, the Development Company for Small-Scale Fisheries of Comoros.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Communications | Back to Top |
Sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communication stations
domestic: HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay
international: HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion
| Comoros and Mayotte | Culture | Back to Top |
Comoran society and culture reflect the determines of Islam and the traditions of East Africa. The former provides the basis for religion and law; the East African determine is noticeable in the language, a Swahili dialect, and in a number of pre-Islamic customs. Western, primarily French, determines are also prevalent, particularly in the modern educational sector, the civil service, and cultural affairs.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Defence | Back to Top |
Military branches: Comoran Security Force
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 141,120 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 83,920 (2001 est.)
| Comoros and Mayotte | International Disputes | Back to Top |
claims French-administered Mayotte; the island of Anjouan (Nzwani) has moved to secede from Comoros.
| Chad | Economy | Back to Top |
Agricultural work employs 77 % of the labor force. Most Comorians find employment within a orthodox subsistence economy producing maize, cassava, rice, bananas, and vegetables. Protein comes from fish and poultry. Attracted by fertile soils and cheap labor, plantation companies acquired land in the islands in the 19th century, and by the beginning of the 20th century they owned most of the cultivable land. During the 20th century growing sugarcane gave way to the cultivation of scent-bearing flowers and spices, such as ylang-ylang, vanilla, and cloves, as well as copra. Although the companies were forced to give up much of their land through successive land reforms, flowers and spices remain the basic commercial crops grown in the islands, and the only remarkable exports. Growing cash crops takes up a major part of the best land on the islands.
The Comoros, which is one of the world's poorest nations, has an economy based on subsistence agriculture. The nation's gross domestic product is growing at a rate slightly faster than the population but is among the lowest in the world. Since freedom, aid from the European Union, notably France, has been the major underpinning of the economy, while Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iraq, Japan, and Kuwait have also provided financial aid. One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of three islands that have insufficient transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the leading area of the economy. It contributes 40% GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The nation is not self-sufficient in food production; rice, the main staple, accounts for the bulk of imports. The government is struggling to upgrade education and technical training, to privatize commercial and industrial enterprises, to improve health services, to diversify exports, to promote tourism, and to reduce the high population growth rate. Continued foreign support is essential if the goal of 4.2% annual GDP growth is to be met. Remittances from 150,000 Comorans abroad help supplement GDP.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Education | Back to Top |
Islam and its institutions help to integrate Comoran society and offer an identification with a world beyond the islands' shores. As Sunni Muslims, the people follow religious observances conscientiously and strictly adhere to religious orthodoxy. During the time of colonization, the French did not attempt to supplant Islamic customs and practices and were careful to respect the precedents of Islamic law as interpreted by the Shafii school.
France accomplished a system of primary and secondary schools based on the French model, which remains largely in place. Comoran law requires all children to complete eight years of schooling between the ages of seven and fifteen. The system provides six years of primary education for students ages six to twelve, followed by seven years of secondary school. In recent years, enrollment has expanded greatly, particularly at the primary level. About 20,750 pupils, or roughly 75 % of primary-school-age children were listed in 1993, up from about 46 % in the late 1970s. About 17 % of the secondaryschool -age population was listed, up from an around 7 % fifteen to twenty years earlier. Teacher-student ratios also improved, from 47:1 to 36:1 in the primary schools and from 26:1 to 25:1 in secondary schools. The increased attendance was all the more remarkable given the population's high %age of school-age children. Improvement in educational facilities was funded in 1993 by loans from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the African Development Bank. contempt the spread of education, adult literacy in 1993 has been around at no better than 50 %.
As elsewhere in Comoran society, political instability has taken a toll on the education system. Routinely announced reductions in force among the civil service, often made in response to international pressure for fiscal reform, sometimes result in teacher strikes. When civil service cutbacks result in canceled classes or examinations, students have at times taken to the streets in protest. Students have also protested, even violently, against government underfunding or general mismanagement of the schools--the World Bank stated in 1994 that the quality of education resulted in high rates of repetition and dropouts such that the average student needed fourteen years to complete the six-year primary cycle. Islamic schools are attended by many children, and state education is officially compulsory from the age of 7 to 16. Although 73 % of the primary school-age children attend school, only 24 % obtain a secondary education. Adult literacy was around to be 69 % in 2001. The state spends one-quarter of its income on education. With the exception of a lycée in Moroni, most education is of a low standard, and educational facilities are very poor.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Government | Back to Top |
The Constitution of the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros was approved by vote on June 1992. It replaced the constitution of 1978, as amended in 1982 and 1985. Among the general principles enumerated in the preamble are the recognition of Islam as the state religion and respect for human rights as set forth in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All citizens are declared equal before the law. The president is elected by direct universal vote to a five-year term and is limited to two terms. All persons over the age of 18 who possess full civil and political rights may vote. The president may be elected to no more than two terms. The president is both head of state and head of government. The president nominates ministers to form the Council of Government, which had twelve members in the latter half of 1994. The ministries, which are routinely reshuffled, merged, eliminated, and resurrected, consisted of the following at that time: the prime minister, who also served as minister of civil service; Economy, Plan, Industry, and Handicrafts; Equipment, Energy, Urbanization, and Housing; Finance and Budget; Foreign Affairs and Cooperation; Information, Culture, Youth, Sports, and Posts and Telecommunication; Islamic Affairs and Justice; National Education and Technical and Professional Teaching; Public Health; Rural Development, Fisheries, and the Environment; Social Affairs, Work, and Employment; and Transportation and Tourism.
The constitution provides for a bicameral legislature. The forty-two members of the "lower" house, the Federal Assembly, represent electoral wards for four-year terms. The Federal Assembly meets for two forty-five-day sessions per year, in April and October. The upper house, the Senate, has fifteen members, five from each island, who are chosen by an Electoral College. The post of prime minister is held by a member of the party holding a majority of seats in the Federal Assembly. The number of political parties may be regulated by federal law. In 1994 more than twenty political parties were active. Areas subject to federal legislation include defense, communications, law, international trade, federal taxation, economic planning, and social services. As a federal republic, Comoros assigns autonomy to the three constituent islands in matters that, in accordance with the constitution, do not come within the purview of the national government. Each island has a council whose members are elected to represent electoral wards for four-year terms. Normally, each council meets twice yearly, in March and December, for a 15 day session.
The judiciary is considered independent of the administrator and legislature. The Supreme Court examines constitutional issues and supervises presidential elections. The high court also arbitrates when the government is accused of malpractice. The Supreme Court normally consists of at least seven members: two chosen by the president, two elected by the Federal Assembly, and three chosen by the respective island councils. Former presidents also may serve on the high court.
| Comoros and Mayotte | History | Back to Top |
The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros is an archipelago situated in the western Indian Ocean, about midway between the island of Madagascar and the coast of East Africa at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel. The archipelago has served in past centuries as a stepping stone between the African continent and Madagascar, as a southern outpost for Arab traders operating along the East African coast, and as a center of Islamic culture. The name "Comoros" is derived from the Arabic kamar or kumr, meaning "moon," although this name was first applied by Arab geographers to Madagascar. In the 19th century, Comoros was absorbed into the French overseas empire, but it unilaterally proclaimed freedom from France in July 1975.
Comoros has had a troubled and uncertain course as an independent state. Mahoré, or Mayotte, the easternmost of the archipelago's four main islands, including Njazidja, Mwali and Nzwani remains under French administration, a majority of its voters having chosen to remain tied to France in votes held in 1974 and 1976. By the mid-1990s, the integration of Mahoré into Comoros remained an official objective of the Comoran government, but it had taken a back seat to more pressing concerns, such as developing a viable national economy. Meanwhile, the Mahorais were making the most of their close relationship with France. They accepted large amounts of developmental aid and took an intense interest in French political events. Although South Africa played a major role in the Comoran economy in the 1980s, by the early 1990s France was the island republic's foremost patron, providing economic aid, political guidance, and national security.
The nation has endured political and natural catastrophes. Less than a month after freedom, the government of the first Comoran president, Ahmed Abdallah, was beaten; in 1978 foreign mercenaries carried out a second coup, overthrowing the radical regime of Ali Soilih and returning Abdallah to power. Indigenous riots in Madagascar in 1976 led to the repatriation of an around 17,000 Comorans. The eruption of the volcano, Kartala, on Njazidja in 1977 displaced some 2,000 people and possibly hastened the downfall of the Soilih regime. Cyclones in the 1980s, along with a violent coup that included the assassination of President Abdallah in 1989 and two weeks of rule by European mercenaries, rounded out the first fifteen years of Comoran freedom. In the early 1990s, the omnipresent mercenaries of the late 1970s and 1980s were gone, and the winding down of civil conflict in southern Africa, in combination with the end of the Cold War, had reduced the republic's value as a strategic chess piece as in the 1970s and 1980s, the challenge to Comorans was to find a way off the treadmills of economic dependency and domestic political dysfunction.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Introduction | Back to Top |
The capital of the Comoros is Moroni. Comoros, independent state comprising a group of islands at the northern entrance to the Mozambique Channel, between the African mainland and the island of Madagascar. Officially called the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, the republic includes three islands: Njazidja known as Grande Comore, Mwali and Nzwani. Since the republic's freedom in 1975, the fourth island in the Comoros Islands archipelago, Mayotte has in two referenda chosen to remain a dependency of France. The republic has an area of 1,866 sq km, while the Comoros Islands group has an area of 2,172 sq km.
Mayotte, one of the four main islands of the Comoros archipelago. It lies at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, 320 km from the coast of Madagascar and 71 km southeast of the Comorian island of Nzwani. Mayotte is a dependency of France, with the status of a collectivité territoriale, (territorial collectivity), although sovereignty over it is claimed by the nation of Comoros. The territory of Mayotte consists of three islands: the main island and two smaller adjacent islands, Pamanzi and Dzaoudzi. The capital is Mamoudzou, the largest town on the main island of Mayotte.
Official Name -Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros| Comoros and Mayotte | Land | Back to Top |
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| Comoros and Mayotte | Languages | Back to Top |
Most Comorians are Sunni Muslims, with the exceptions of the resident Indians and French Creoles. French and Arabic are the official languages, but the dialects of the islands, collectively called Shimasiwa are used in everyday speech. Shimasiwa is related to Swahili.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Life | Back to Top |
Among men who can afford it, the preferred form of marriage appears to be polygyny with matrilocal residence. Although possible, the first marriage is formally initiated with the grand mariage when possible, consequent unions involve much simpler ceremonies. The result is that a man will establish two or even more households and will alternate residence between them, a reflection, most likely, of the trading origins of the Shirazi elite who maintained wives at different trading posts. Said Mohamed Djohar, elected president in 1990, had two wives, one in Njazidja and the other in Nzwani, an arrangement said to have broadened his appeal to voters. For men, divorce is easy, although by custom a divorced wife retains the family home.
Girls are somewhat less likely than boys to attend school in Comoros. The World Bank around in 1993 that 67 % of girls were listed in primary schools, whereas 82 % of boys were listed. In secondary school, 16 % of eligible Comoran girls were in attendance, in comparison with about 18.5 % of eligible boys. Although the 1992 constitution recognizes their right to vote, as did the 1978 constitution, women otherwise play a limited role in politics in Comoros. By contrast, in Mahoré female merchants sparked the movement for continued association with France, and later, for continued separation from the Republic of the Comoros. Comoros accepted international aid for family planning in 1983, but it was considered politically inexpedient to put any plans into effect. According to a 1993 estimate, there were 6.8 births per woman in Comoros. By contrast, the figure was 6.4 births per woman for the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.
In February 1990, while still interim president, Djohar created a cabinet-level Ministry of Social and Women's Affairs, and appointed a woman, Ahlonkoba Aithnard, to head it. She lasted until a few weeks after Djohar's election to the presidency in March, when her ministry was reorganized out of existence, along with several others. Another female official, Situ Mohamed, was named to head the second-tier Ministry of Population and Women's Affairs, in August 1991. She lost her position--and the subministry was eliminated--hardly a week later, in one of President Djohar's routine ministerial reshufflings. Djohar made another nod to women in February 1992, when he invited representatives of an interest group, the Women's Federation, to take part in discussions on what would become the constitution of 1992. Women only apparently organized and participated in a large demonstration critical of French support of the Djohar regime in October 1992, following government suppression of a coup attempt.
| Comoros and Mayotte | organization | Back to Top |
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, CCC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, InOC, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTrO.
| Comoros and Mayotte | People | Back to Top |
The most recent official census by the Comoran government, conducted in 1991, put the islands' population, exclusive of Mahoré, at 446,817. Official counts put the population of Mahoré at 67,167 in 1985 and 94,410 in 1991--a 40 % increase in just six years. Average population density in Comoros was 183 persons per square kilometer in 1980. This figure concealed a great disparity between the republic's most crowded island, Nzwani, which had a density of 470 persons per square kilometer in 1991; Njazidja, which had a density of 250 persons per square kilometer in 1991; and Mwali, where the 1991 population density figure was 120 persons per square kilometer. Overall population density increased to about 285 persons per square kilometer by 1994. Mahoré's population density went from 179 persons per square kilometer in 1985 to 251 per square kilometer in 1991.
The islanders reflect a variety of origins. Malay immigrants and Arab traders have mixed with peoples from Madagascar and with various African peoples. Most of the islands' inhabitants speak island-specific varieties of Comorian, a Bantu language related to Swahili. Comorian, Arabic, and French are the official languages, with French being the language of administration. Islam is the state religion. Ngazidja has about half of the nation's population, while Mwali has just 5 %; Moroni is the main population centre. The birth and death rates are both high in the Comoros, and, although infant mortality is a major problem, the population growth rate is about twice the world average. Almost half of the population is less than 15 years of age.
| Comoros and Mayotte | Politics | Back to Top |
Front National pour la Justice or FNJ -Islamic party in opposition [Ahmed Abdallah MOHAMED, Ahmed ABOUBACAR, Soidiki M'BAPANOZA]; Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND [Ali Bazi SELIM]
| Comoros and Mayotte | Provinces | Back to Top |
3 islands; Grande Comore, Anjouan and Moheli, note - there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Moutsamoudou.
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| Comoros and Mayotte | Time | Back to Top |
| Comoros and Mayotte | Currency and General Information | Back to Top |
| Comoros Francs | United States Dollars |
| 1 KMF | 0.00177914 USD |
| 562.070 KMF | 1 USD |
| Countries Currency Unit | USD/Unit | Units/USD | |
| DZD | Algeria Dinars | 0.0129554 | 77.1877 |
| USD | United States Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| ARS | Argentina Pesos | 0.341293 | 2.93004 |
| AUD | Australia Dollars | 0.533413 | 1.87472 |
| ATS | Austria Schillings ** | 0.0632609 | 15.8076 |
| BSD | Bahamas Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| BBD | Barbados Dollars | 0.502513 | 1.99000 |
| BEF | Belgium Francs ** | 0.0215788 | 46.3417 |
| BMD | Bermuda Dollars | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| BRL | Brazil Reals | 0.430318 | 2.32386 |
| GBP | United Kingdom Pounds | 1.42399 | 0.702251 |
| BGL | Bulgaria Leva | 0.447293 | 2.23567 |
| CAD | Canada Dollars | 0.627606 | 1.59336 |
| CLP | Chile Pesos | 0.00152392 | 656.202 |
| CNY | China Yuan Renminbi | 0.120813 | 8.27726 |
| CYP | Cyprus Pounds | 1.49883 | 0.667186 |
| CZK | Czech Republic Koruny | 0.0281883 | 35.4758 |
| DKK | Denmark Kroner | 0.117155 | 8.53568 |
| XCD | East Caribbean Dollars | 0.370370 | 2.70000 |
| EGP | Egypt Pounds | 0.217271 | 4.60255 |
| EUR | Euro | 0.870489 | 1.14878 |
| FJD | Fiji Dollars | 0.447227 | 2.23600 |
| FIM | Finland Markkaa ** | 0.146406 | 6.83034 |
| FRF | France Francs ** | 0.132705 | 7.53550 |
| DEM | Germany Deutsche Marks ** | 0.445074 | 2.24682 |
| XAU | Gold Ounces | 301.977 | 0.00331151 |
| GRD | Greece Drachmae ** | 0.00255463 | 391.447 |
| HKD | Hong Kong Dollars | 0.128215 | 7.79939 |
| HUF | Hungary Forint | 0.00358416 | 279.006 |
| ISK | Iceland Kronur | 0.00999868 | 100.013 |
| INR | India Rupees | 0.0205205 | 48.7319 |
| IDR | Indonesia Rupiahs | 0.000102055 | 9,798.61 |
| IEP | Ireland Pounds ** | 1.10529 | 0.904738 |
| ILS | Israel New Shekels | 0.212386 | 4.70841 |
| ITL | Italy Lire ** | 0.000449570 | 2,224.35 |
| JMD | Jamaica Dollars | 0.0210041 | 47.6099 |
| JPY | Japan Yen | 0.00754183 | 132.594 |
| JOD | Jordan Dinars | 1.41057 | 0.708931 |
| LBP | Lebanon Pounds | 0.000660937 | 1,513.00 |
| LUF | Luxembourg Francs ** | 0.0215788 | 46.3417 |
| MYR | Malaysia Ringgits | 0.263330 | 3.79751 |
| MXN | Mexico Pesos | 0.111007 | 9.00848 |
| NZD | New Zealand Dollars | 0.440474 | 2.27028 |
| NOK | Norway Kroner | 0.113022 | 8.84780 |
| NLG | Netherlands Guilders ** | 0.395011 | 2.53158 |
| PKR | Pakistan Rupees | 0.0166945 | 59.9000 |
| PHP | Philippines Pesos | 0.0196386 | 50.9202 |
| XPT | Platinum Ounces | 510.962 | 0.00195709 |
| PLN | Poland Zlotych | 0.243488 | 4.10699 |
| PTE | Portugal Escudos ** | 0.00434198 | 230.310 |
| ROL | Romania Lei | 0.0000303433 | 32,956.21 |
| RUR | Russia Rubles | 0.0321342 | 31.1195 |
| SAR | Saudi Arabia Riyals | 0.266668 | 3.74998 |
| XAG | Silver Ounces | 4.65692 | 0.214734 |
| SGD | Singapore Dollars | 0.542540 | 1.84318 |
| SKK | Slovakia Koruny | 0.0208441 | 47.9751 |
| ZAR | South Africa Rand | 0.0883340 | 11.3207 |
| KRW | South Korea Won | 0.000759354 | 1,316.91 |
| ESP | Spain Pesetas ** | 0.00523174 | 191.141 |
| XDR | IMF Special Drawing Rights | 1.24862 | 0.800882 |
| SDD | Sudan Dinars | 0.00384615 | 260.000 |
| SEK | Sweden Kronor | 0.0964189 | 10.3714 |
| CHF | Switzerland Francs | 0.593789 | 1.68410 |
| TWD | Taiwan New Dollars | 0.0286531 | 34.9002 |
| THB | Thailand Baht | 0.0230087 | 43.4619 |
| TTD | Trinidad and Tobago Dollars | 0.163399 | 6.12000 |
| TRL | Turkey Liras | 0.000000763622 | 1,309,549.07 |
| VEB | Venezuela Bolivares | 0.00108696 | 920.000 |
| ZMK | Zambia Kwacha | 0.000239866 | 4,169.00 |
| Comoros : Geographic coordinates | 12 10 S, 44 15 E |
| Comoros : Population growth rate | 3.02% |
| Comoros : Birth rate | 39.52 births/1,000 population |
| Comoros : Death rate | 9.35 deaths/1,000 population |
| Comoros : People living with HIV/AIDS | N/A |
| Comoros : Independence | 6 July 1975 |
| Comoros : National holiday | 6 July 1975 |
| Comoros : Constitution | 20 October 1996 |
| Comoros : GDP | purchasing power parity - $419 million |
| Comoros : GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $720 |
| Comoros : Electricity - consumption | 15.8 million kWh |
| Comoros : Exports | $7.9 million vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra |
| Comoros : Imports | $55.1 million rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods; petroleum products |
| Comoros : Telephones | 6,000 |
| Comoros : Mobile cellular | N/A |
| Comoros : Radio broadcast stations | AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 |
| Comoros : Radios | 90,000 |
| Comoros : Television broadcast stations | N/A |
| Comoros : Televisions | 1,000 |
| Comoros : Internet country code | .km |
| Comoros : Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 1 |
| Comoros : Internet users | 800 |
| Comoros : Railways | N/A |
| Comoros : Highways | 880 |
| Comoros : Waterways | N/A |
| Comoros : Pipelines | N/A |
| Comoros : Ports and harbors | Fomboni, Moroni, Moutsamoudou |
| Comoros : Merchant marine | 2 ships |
| Comoros : Airports | 4 |
| Comoros : Heliports | N/A |
| Comoros : Military branches | Comoran Security Force |
| Comoros : Military expenditures | N/A |