|
|
| China | Plants and Animal | Back to Top |
The various habitats in China support a wide range of fauna, from arctic species in Northeast China and Tibet to many tropical species in southern China. Some species that have become inactive elsewhere still survive in China. Among these are great paddlefishes of the Yangtze River, species of alligator and salamander, giant pandas.
| China | Communications | Back to Top |
Domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns
Domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been set up; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place
International: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany
| China | Culture | Back to Top |
The leaders who directed the efforts to change Chinese society after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 were raised in the old society and had been marked with its values. Although they were self-conscious revolutionaries, they could not wholly escape the culture into which they had been born. Nationalists as well as revolutionaries, they had no intention of transforming China into a replica of any foreign nation. They had an ambivalent attitude toward their nation's past and its orthodox society, condemning some aspects and praising others. Furthermore, as practical administrators, China's post-1949 leaders devoted energy and attention to changing some aspects of orthodox society, such as rural land tenure and the content of education, while leaving other aspects, such as family structure, largely untouched. Change in Chinese society, therefore, has been less than total and less consistent than has often been claimed by official spokesmen.
China's orthodox values were contained in the orthodox version of Confucianism, which was taught in the academies and tested in the imperial civil service examinations. These values are typical for their this-worldly emphasis on society and public administration and for their wide diffusion throughout Chinese society. Confucianism, never a religion in any accepted sense, is primarily concerned with social order. Social harmony is to be achieved within the state, whose administrators consciously select the proper policies and act to educate both the rulers and the subject masses. Confucianism originated and developed as the ideology of professional administrators and continued to bear the impress of its origins.
The Confucianists claimed authority based on their knowledge, which came from direct mastery of a set of books. These books, the Confucian Classics, were thought to contain the distilled wisdom of the past and to apply to all human beings everywhere at all times. The mastery of the Classics was the highest form of education and the best possible qualification for holding public office. The way to achieve the ideal society was to teach the entire people as much of the content of the Classics as possible. Confucianists saw the ideal society as a hierarchy, in which everyone knew his or her proper place and duties. The essential point was that heredity was an insufficient qualification for legitimate authority. As practical administrators, Confucianists came to terms with hereditary kings and emperors but insisted on their right to educate rulers in the principles of Confucian thought.
| China | Defence | Back to Top |
Military branches: People's Liberation Army (PLA) - which includes Ground Forces, Navy -consists of Marines and Naval Aviation, Air Force, Second Artillery Corps, People's Armed Police -internal security troops, nominally subordinate to Ministry of Public Security, but included by the Chinese as part of the "armed forces" and considered to be an adjunct to the PLA in wartime
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 366,306,363 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 200,886,950 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 10,089,465 (2001 est.)
| China | International Disputes | Back to Top |
Most of boundary with India in dispute; dispute over at least two small sections of the boundary with Russia remains to be settled, contempt 1997 boundary agreement; portions of the boundary with Tajikistan are indefinite; 33-km section of boundary with North Korea in the Paektu-san area is uncertain, involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary agreement with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin awaits ratification; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto.
| China | Economy | Back to Top |
1999 China’s gross domestic product (GDP) was $989.4 billion. The size of the nation’s economy, which is comparable to that of Canada-$636 billion, makes China a remarkable economic power; contempt this, it remains a low-income, developing nation because it must support a huge population of more than 1.2 billion. In 1999 China’s per capita GDP was just $790, compared to $20,820 in Canada. Industrial activity such as manufacturing, mining, and construction contributes the largest %age of the nation’s GDP, amounting to 49 % in 1999. Transportation, commerce, and services together accounted for 33 %. And agriculture, together with forestry and fishing, contributed 18 %.
The Chinese economy thus has been in a state of modulation since the late 1970s as the nation has moved away from a Soviet-type economic system. Agriculture has been decollectivized, the small nonagricultural private area has grown rapidly, and government priorities have shifted toward light, rather than heavy, industry. Nevertheless, key bottlenecks continue to constrain growth. Available energy is sufficient to run less than 80 % of installed industrial capacity, the transport system is insufficient to move sufficient quantities of such critical items as coal, and the communications system cannot meet the needs of a centrally planned economy of China's size and complexity.
| China | Education | Back to Top |
Since the repudiation of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), the development of the education system in China has been geared particularly to the advancement of economic modernization. Among the famous official efforts to improve the system were a 1984 decision to formulate major laws on education in the next several years and a 1985 plan to reform the education system. In unveiling the education reform plan in May 1985, the authorities called for nine years of compulsory education and the establishment of the State Education Commission. Official commitment to improved education was nowhere more noticeable than in the substantial increase in funds for education in the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986-90), which amounted to 72 % more than funds allotted to education in the previous plan time (1981-85). In 1986 some 16.7 % of the state budget was hallmark for education, compared with 10.5 % in 1984. Since 1949, education has been a focus of controversy in China. As a result of continual intraparty realignments, official policy alternated between ideological imperatives and practical efforts to further national development. But ideology and pragmatism often have been incompatible. The Great Leap Forward (1958-60) and the Socialist Education Movement (1962-65) sought to end deeply rooted academic elitism, to narrow social and cultural gaps between workers and peasants and between urban and rural populations, and to "rectify" the tendency of scholars and intellectuals disdain manual labor. During the Cultural Revolution, universal education in the interest of fostering social equality was an overriding priority.
Education has played a major role in China’s long and valuable cultural tradition. Throughout much of the imperial time, only educated people held positions of social and political leadership. In 124 bc the first state academy was accomplished for training prospective bureaucrats in Confucian learning and the Chinese classics. Historically, comparatively few Chinese have been able to take the time to learn the complex Chinese writing system and its associated literature. It is around that as late as 1949 only 20 % of China’s population was literate. To the Chinese Communists, this widespread illiteracy was a stumbling block in the promotion of their political programs.
| China | Government | Back to Top |
Party and Government: A unitary and "socialist state of the dictatorship of the labour," based on Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought, led by 46-million-member Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Political processes guided by party Constitution and state Constitution, both published in 1982; constitutions stress principle of democratic centralism, under which representative organs of both party and state are elected by lower bodies and they in turn elect their administrative arms at corresponding levels. Within representative and administrator bodies minority must abide by decisions of majority; lower bodies obey orders of higher level organs. In theory, National Party Congress highest organ of power of party, but real power lies in Political Bureau of CCP Central Committee and, still more, in select Standing Committee of Political Bureau. National People's Congress highest government organ of state power; approves CCP policies and programs. Reforms implemented in early 1980s allowed more serious review and deliberations concerning government programs in National People's Congress. State Council serves as equivalent of cabinet; key members also hold positions in valuable party organs.
Administrative Divisions: separated into three tiers. In 1987 twenty-nine provincial-level units comprise twenty-one provinces, five autonomous regions, and three centrally governed special municipalities; middle tier consists of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, cities, and municipal districts; and basic level comprises townships, and villages.
Justice:Four-level court system. Supreme People's Court in Beijing; higher people's courts in provinces, autonomous regions and special municipalities; intermediate people's courts at prefecture level and also in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities; basic people's courts in counties, towns, and municipal districts. Special courts handle matters affecting military, railroad transportation, water transportation, and forestry. Court system paralleled by hierarchy of prosecuting organs called people's procuratorates; at apex stands Supreme People's Procuratorate.
Foreign Affairs: As of late 1980s, China act on independent foreign policy and sought friendly relations and trade with many countries contempt political differences. China regards itself as developing nation and member of Third World. China, has close cooperative relations, including economic, technological, political, and limited military cooperation, with United States, Japan, and other industrially developed nations. Earlier strains in Chinese relations with Soviet Union, long considered by Beijing as main threat of war, somewhat improved by late 1980s but still fell short of full normalization.
| China | History | Back to Top |
The history of China, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3,300 years. Modern archaeological studies offer demonstrate of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He known as Yellow River Valley of north China. Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development brought about a typical system of writing, philosophy, art, and political organization that came to be recognizable as Chinese civilization. What makes the civilization unique in world history is its continuity through over 4,000 years to the present century. Chinese history, until the twentieth century, was written mostly by members of the ruling scholar-official class and was meant to offer the ruler with common law to guide or justify his policies. These accounts focused on dynastic politics and colorful court histories and included developments among the commoners only as backdrops. The historians described a Chinese political pattern of dynasties, one following another in a cycle of ascent, achievement, decay, and rebirth under a new family.
For centuries virtually all the foreigners that Chinese rulers saw came from the less developed societies along their land borders. This circumstance conditioned the Chinese view of the outside world. The Chinese saw their domain as the self-sufficient center of the universe and derived from this image the orthodox Chinese name for their nation--Zhongguo, literally, Middle Kingdom or Central Nation. China saw itself surrounded on all sides by so-called barbarian peoples whose cultures were demonstrably inferior by Chinese standards. After the communist takeover in 1949, historians in mainland China wrote their own version of the past--a history of China built on a Marxist model of progression from primitive communism to slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and finally socialism. A series of thought-reform and antirightist campaigns were directed against intellectuals in the arts, sciences, and academic community. The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) further altered the objectivity of historians. In the years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, interest grew within the party, and outside it as well, in restoring the integrity of historical inquiry.
In post-Mao China, the discipline of historiography has not been separated from politics, although a much greater range of historical topics has been discussed. Figures from Confucius--who was with bitterness condemn for his "feudal" outlook by Cultural Revolution-era historians--to Mao himself have been evaluated with increasing flexibility. This meant that considerable revision of historical texts was in order in the 1980s, although no substantive change away from the conventional Marxist approach was likely. Historical institutes were restored within the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and a growing corps of trained historians, in institutes and academia alike, returned to their work with the blessing of the Chinese Communist Party.
| China | Introduction | Back to Top |
China, officially People's Republic of China, nation in East Asia, the world's third-largest nation by area and the largest by population. Officially the People's Republic of China, it is bordered on the north by the Mongolian Republic and Russia; on the north-east by Russia and North Korea; on the east by the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea; on the south by the South China Sea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal; on the west by Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan; and on the north-west by Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. China includes more than 3,400 offshore islands, of which Hainan, in the South China Sea, is by far the largest. The total area of China is about 9,571,300 sq km (3,695,000 sq mi), not including Nationalist China or Taiwan.
Beijing is the capital of China, the nation's largest city is Shanghai. About fifth of the world's total population lives within China's borders. China gave birth to one of the world's earliest civilizations and has a recorded history that dates from some 3,500 years ago. Zhonghua, the Chinese name for the nation, means "central land", a reference to the Chinese belief that their nation was the geographical centre of the Earth and the only true civilization.
Population 1,211,210,000 (1996 official estimate) Population Density 126 people/sq km (326 people/sq mi) (1996 estimate) Urban/Rural Breakdown 36% Urban 64% Rural Largest Cities Shanghai 8,760,000 Beijing 6,560,000 Tianjin 4,970,000 (1993 estimates) Largest Metropolitan Areas Shanghai 14,150,000 Beijing 12,510,000 Tianjin 9,420,000 (1995 estimates) Ethnic Groups 93% Han (Chinese) 7% Other including Zhuang, Hui, Uygur, Yi, Miao, Manchu, Tibetan, Mongol, Tujia, Bouyei, Korean, Dong, Yao, Bai, Hani, Kazakh, Dai, and Li minorities Languages Official Language Mandarin Chinese (Putongua) Other Languages Six other major Chinese dialects Religions 69% Non-religious or atheist 20% orthodox Chinese beliefs mainly Confucianism and Daoism 9% Buddhism 2% Other including Islam and Christianity
| China | Land | Back to Top |
N/A
| Brunei | Languages | Back to Top |
91% of China’s inhabitants speak Chinese, the language of the Han people, as their native language. Spoken Chinese consists of many regional variants, often called dialects. The Chinese dialects are tonal in nature, meaning that words are assigned a typical relative pitch—high or low—or a typical pitch contour—level, rising, or falling. Because the regional dialects have different tones and syntax, they are generally mutually unintelligible.
| China | Legal | Back to Top |
Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law Vote: 18 years of age; universal administrator branch: chief of state: President JIANG Zemin -March 1993 and Vice President HU Jintao-March 1998 Head of government: Premier ZHU Rongji-March 1998; Vice Premiers QIAN Qichen-March 1993), LI Lanqing -March 1993, WU Bangguo-March 1995 and WEN Jiabao-March 1998. Cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress (NPC) Elections: president and vice president elected by the National People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 16-18 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); premier nominated by the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress Election results: JIANG Zemin reelected president by the Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,882 votes (36 delegates voted against him, 29 abstained, and 32 did not vote); HU Jintao elected vice president by the Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,841 votes (67 delegates voted against him, 39 abstained, and 32 did not vote) Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui with 2,979 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms. Election results: % of vote - NA%; seats - NA Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court-judges appointed by the National People's Congress; Local Peoples Courts-comprise higher, intermediate and local courts; Special Peoples Courts-primarily military, maritime, and railway transport courts.
| China | Life | Back to Top |
Before 1950 the basic units of social stratification and social mobility were families. Although wealthy families were often quite large, with as many as thirty people in three or four generations living together on a common budget, most families contained five or six people. In socioeconomic terms, late orthodox China was composed of a large number of small enterprises, perhaps as many as 100 million farms and small businesses. Each was operated by a family, which acted not only as a household but also as a commercial enterprise. The family head also was the trustee of the estate and manager of the family business. Families could own property, such as land or shops, and pass it on to the next generation.
About 82 % of the population were peasant farmers, and land was the fundamental form of property. Although many peasant families owned no land, large estates were rare by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Peasant families might own all of the land they worked, or own some and rent some from a landowner, or rent all their land. Regardless of the form of tenure, the farm was managed as a unit, and the head of household was free to decide what to plant and how to use the labor of family members. The consequence was that in most villages peasant families occupied different steps on the ladder of stratification; they did not form a uniformly destroyed mass.
Most non-farm enterprises, commercial or craft, were similarly small businesses run by families. The basic units were owned by families, which took a long-term view of their prospects and attempted to shift resources and family personnel from occupation to occupation to adapt to economic circumstances. In all cases, the long-term goal of the head of the family was to ensure the survival and successfulness of the family and to pass the estate along to the next generation. The most common family strategy was to diversify the family's economic activities. Such strategies lay behind the large number of small-scale enterprises that characterized Chinese society before 1950. Farming and landowning were secure but not very profitable. Commerce and money-lending brought in greater returns but also carried greater risks.
| China | organization | Back to Top |
AfDB, APEC, ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, NAM (observer), OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNTAET, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC
| India | People | Back to Top |
The People's Republic conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, and 1982. In 1987 the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter. The 1982 census, which reported a total population of 1,008,180,738, is generally accepted as remarkablely more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two. Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities which donated US$15.6 million for the preparation and execution of the census.
The nation began preparing for the 1982 census in late 1976. Chinese census workers were sent to the United States and Japan to study modern census-taking techniques and automation. Computers were installed in every provincial-level unit except Xizang and were connected to a central processing system in the Beijing headquarters of the State Statistical Bureau. Pretests and smallscale trial runs were conducted and checked for accuracy between 1980 and 1981 in twenty-four provincial-level units. Census stations were opened in rural production brigades and urban neighborhoods. Beginning July 1, 1982, each household sent a representative to a census station to be enumerated. The census required about a month to complete and employed around 5 million census takers.
China is a multinational nation, with a population composed of a large number of ethnic and linguistic groups. Thus, the basic classification of the population is not so much ethnic as linguistic. The Han the largest group, outnumber the minority groups or minority nationalities in every province or autonomous region except Tibet and Sinkiang. The Han, therefore, form the great homogeneous mass of the Chinese people, sharing the same culture, the same traditions, and the same written language. Some 55 minority groups are spread over around three-fifths of the total area of the nation. Where these minority groups are found in large numbers, they have been given some semblance of autonomy and self-government; autonomous regions of several types have been accomplished on the basis of the geographic distribution of nationalities.
| China | Politics | Back to Top |
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [JIANG Zemin, General Secretary of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP Political pressure groups and leaders: no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the government has identified the Falungong sect and the China Democracy Party as potential rivals
| China | Provinces | Back to Top |
23 provinces -sheng, singular and plural, 5 autonomous regions* -zizhiqu, singular and plural, and 4 municipalities** shi, singular and plural; Anhui, Beijing**, Chongqing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
| Mapzones | Ask Babynames | Webmaster | Actress | Map | Kids |
| India | Time | Back to Top |
| China | Currency and General Information | Back to Top |
| Countries Currency Unit | CNY/Unit | Units/CNY | |
| DZD | Algeria Dinars | 0.106925 | 9.35233 |
| USD | United States Dollars | 8.27740 | 0.120811 |
| ARS | Argentina Pesos | 2.81066 | 0.355788 |
| AUD | Australia Dollars | 4.41611 | 0.226443 |
| ATS | Austria Schillings ** | 0.523949 | 1.90858 |
| BSD | Bahamas Dollars | 8.27740 | 0.120811 |
| BBD | Barbados Dollars | 4.15950 | 0.240414 |
| BEF | Belgium Francs ** | 0.178724 | 5.59523 |
| BMD | Bermuda Dollars | 8.27740 | 0.120811 |
| BRL | Brazil Reals | 3.56017 | 0.280885 |
| GBP | United Kingdom Pounds | 11.8024 | 0.0847283 |
| BGL | Bulgaria Leva | 3.70242 | 0.270093 |
| CAD | Canada Dollars | 5.18906 | 0.192713 |
| CLP | Chile Pesos | 0.0126093 | 79.3063 |
| CNY | China Yuan Renminbi | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| CYP | Cyprus Pounds | 12.5988 | 0.0793727 |
| CZK | Czech Republic Koruny | 0.233502 | 4.28262 |
| DKK | Denmark Kroner | 0.970493 | 1.03040 |
| XCD | East Caribbean Dollars | 3.06570 | 0.326189 |
| EGP | Egypt Pounds | 1.78681 | 0.559656 |
| EUR | Euro | 7.20970 | 0.138702 |
| FJD | Fiji Dollars | 3.70353 | 0.270012 |
| FIM | Finland Markkaa ** | 1.21258 | 0.824685 |
| FRF | France Francs ** | 1.09911 | 0.909826 |
| DEM | Germany Deutsche Marks ** | 3.68626 | 0.271278 |
| XAU | Gold Ounces | 2,501.81 | 0.000399711 |
| GRD | Greece Drachmae ** | 0.0211583 | 47.2627 |
| HKD | Hong Kong Dollars | 1.06126 | 0.942277 |
| HUF | Hungary Forint | 0.0296495 | 33.7274 |
| ISK | Iceland Kronur | 0.0827792 | 12.0803 |
| INR | India Rupees | 0.169605 | 5.89605 |
| IDR | Indonesia Rupiahs | 0.000842533 | 1,186.90 |
| IEP | Ireland Pounds ** | 9.15443 | 0.109237 |
| ILS | Israel New Shekels | 1.74520 | 0.572999 |
| ITL | Italy Lire ** | 0.00372350 | 268.565 |
| JMD | Jamaica Dollars | 0.173858 | 5.75181 |
| JPY | Japan Yen | 0.0624003 | 16.0256 |
| JOD | Jordan Dinars | 11.6748 | 0.0856549 |
| LBP | Lebanon Pounds | 0.00546724 | 182.908 |
| LUF | Luxembourg Francs ** | 0.178724 | 5.59523 |
| MYR | Malaysia Ringgits | 2.17884 | 0.458961 |
| MXN | Mexico Pesos | 0.918657 | 1.08855 |
| NZD | New Zealand Dollars | 3.64606 | 0.274269 |
| NOK | Norway Kroner | 0.934913 | 1.06962 |
| NLG | Netherlands Guilders ** | 3.27162 | 0.305659 |
| PKR | Pakistan Rupees | 0.137842 | 7.25469 |
| PHP | Philippines Pesos | 0.162238 | 6.16377 |
| XPT | Platinum Ounces | 4,295.79 | 0.000232786 |
| PLN | Poland Zlotych | 2.01310 | 0.496746 |
| PTE | Portugal Escudos ** | 0.0359618 | 27.8073 |
| ROL | Romania Lei | 0.000251325 | 3,978.91 |
| RUR | Russia Rubles | 0.265983 | 3.75963 |
| SAR | Saudi Arabia Riyals | 2.20727 | 0.453048 |
| XAG | Silver Ounces | 38.3230 | 0.0260940 |
| SGD | Singapore Dollars | 4.49321 | 0.222558 |
| SKK | Slovakia Koruny | 0.172625 | 5.79289 |
| ZAR | South Africa Rand | 0.728788 | 1.37214 |
| KRW | South Korea Won | 0.00626693 | 159.568 |
| ESP | Spain Pesetas ** | 0.0433312 | 23.0781 |
| XDR | IMF Special Drawing Rights | 10.3204 | 0.0968955 |
| SDD | Sudan Dinars | 0.0318362 | 31.4108 |
| SEK | Sweden Kronor | 0.798906 | 1.25171 |
| CHF | Switzerland Francs | 4.92331 | 0.203115 |
| TWD | Taiwan New Dollars | 0.236835 | 4.22234 |
| THB | Thailand Baht | 0.190059 | 5.26152 |
| TTD | Trinidad and Tobago Dollars | 1.35252 | 0.739363 |
| TRL | Turkey Liras | 0.00000615833 | 162,381.62 |
| VEB | Venezuela Bolivares | 0.00898945 | 111.241 |
| ZMK | Zambia Kwacha | 0.00185177 | 540.025 |
| China : Geographic coordinates | 35 00 N, 105 00 E |
| China : Population growth rate | 0.88% |
| China : Birth rate | 15.95 births/1,000 population |
| China : Death rate | 6.74 deaths/1,000 population |
| China : People living with HIV/AIDS | 500,000 |
| China : Independence | 221 BC |
| China : National holiday | Republic of China, 1 October |
| China : Constitution | 4 December 1982 |
| China : GDP | purchasing power parity - $4.5 trillion |
| China : GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $3,600 |
| China : Electricity - consumption | 1.084 trillion kWh |
| China : Exports | $232 billion machinery and equipment; textiles and clothing, footwear, toys and sporting goods |
| China : Imports | $197 billion machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, plastics, iron and steel, chemicals |
| China : Telephones | 135 million |
| China : Mobile cellular | 65 million |
| China : Radio broadcast stations | AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 |
| China : Radios | 417 million |
| China : Television broadcast stations | 3,240 |
| China : Televisions | 400 million |
| China : Internet country code | .cn |
| China : Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 3 |
| China : Internet users | 22 million |
| China : Railways | 67,524 km |
| China : Highways | 1.4 million km |
| China : Waterways | 110,000 km |
| China : Pipelines | crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum products 560 km; natural gas 9,383 km |
| China : Ports and harbors | Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Huangpu, Lianyungang, Nanjing, Nantong, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Tianjin, Xiamen, Xingang, Yantai, Zhanjiang |
| China : Merchant marine | 1,745 ships |
| China : Airports | 489 |
| China : Heliports | N/A |
| China : Military branches | Marines and Naval Aviation, Air Force |
| China : Military expenditures | $12.608 billion |