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| Brazil | Plants and Animal | Back to Top |
When examining the behavior of the agricultural area in the postwar years, it is possible to specify two distinct times: geographical growth from 1950 to 1970 and traditional modernization, from 1970 to the present. In the simultaneous postwar years, Brazilian agriculture included an export area that relied heavily on coffee but also on cotton, sugar, and a few minor commodities, and a semisubsistence area that produced for the domestic market. At the time, the nation's population, its per capita income, and its urban area did not yet impose a large demand on the agricultural sector.
At the beginning of the 1990s, the main crops in the modern portion were cocoa, cotton, rice, sugarcane, oranges, corn, soybeans, and wheat; those in the orthodox portion included beans, manioc (cassava), bananas, peanuts, and coffee. Brazil is also one of the largest exporters of guavas, lemons, mangoes, passion fruit, tangerines, and tobacco.
Brazil's farm animal area went through a similar process of selective modernization. Until the early 1970s, it remained quite backward; its development relied chiefly on the incorporation of more land and animals into production. Following the development of agribusiness complexes, farm animal production processes also changed. major differences exist between the modern and the orthodox portions of the beef-cattle, poultry, and swine subsectors--the nation's main farm animal subsectors.
| Brazil | Communications | Back to Top |
General assessment: good working system
Domestic: considerable microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations
International: 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to MERCOSUR Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station
| Brazil | Culture | Back to Top |
Brazilian culture was never monolithic. Since the 16th century, Brazilian has been an amalgamation of orthodox Iberian, indigenous, and African values, as well as more recent Western values, developed in northern Europe and the United States, such as equality, democracy, and efficiency. At times there are subtle or open conflicts, particularly between norms of Mediterranean and Anglo-Saxon origin, or between practices of European versus Amerindian or African origin. Brazil is remarkable for the way in which there is unity in cultural variety. Sometimes the values and practices of different origins have blended with each other, as in the case of Afro-Brazilian religious syncretism or liberation theology.
Another way of reconciling variety has been the often considerable distance between actual practices, which conform with tradition, and official norms, which generally follow the positivist logic of "order and progress" that underlay the establishment of the republic in 1889. The difference between theory and practice, is a constant throughout Brazilian history.
In the 1990s, many people ignore laws that are not enforced, or allege that doing the right thing would be fine but that they deficiency the conditions. The aphorism that sums up a common attitude about doing one's duty is, "No one is made of iron". The relaxed attitude is reinforced by the fact that laws or norms are often seen as having been imposed from the outside, rather than being the result of a social contract accomplished for the common good. Thus, Brazilians, who are known for pragmatism, have become adept at living with idealistic rules, on the one hand, and actual practices that are often quite divergent, on the other. They switch easily between different cultural codes ranging from "orthodox" values, such as machismo and paternalism, to "modern" values and social norms that favor women and equality.
| Brazil | Defence | Back to Top |
Military branches: Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes naval air and marines), Brazilian Air Force, Federal Police (paramilitary)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 48,298,486 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 32,388,786 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 1,762,740 (2001 est.)
| Brazil | International Disputes | Back to Top |
none
| Brazil | Economy | Back to Top |
Before 1930 the Brazilian economy was controlled by a number of agricultural and mineral products for export. The world economic depression of the 1930s promoted the government to diversify the economy, particularly through industrialization. The state has led much of this development, through economic plans and government participation in key sectors of public services, such as electricity, telephones, and postal services. In 1990 the government was directly involved in some of the nation’s largest firms, particularly in the mining, steel, oil, and chemical industries. At the same time, it also promoted foreign investment in areas such as automobile manufacturing, engineering, and the production of electrical goods. As a result, the importance of agriculture and mining in output and trade has fallen remarkablely.
The sheer extent of Brazil's primary resources has made its economy, contempt its relative deficiency of development, one of broad international significance. It is one of the world's leading agricultural nations and is particularly well-known as the world's most prominent coffee-producer. Brazil is also valuable for what it has not yet fully exploited—its large mineral and hydroelectric potential, its hardwood forests, and millions of acres of soil, most of which could be fertile given sufficient water and fertilizer. As its manufacturing area develops, Brazil also has taken a remarkable place among the world's industrial producers, its iron ore production having grown to a high world ranking. The city of São Paulo has become one of the world's major industrial and commercial centres.
Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. In the late eighties and early nineties, high inflation hindered economic activity and investment. "The Real Plan", instituted in the spring of 1994, sought to break inflationary expectations by pegging the real to the US dollar. Inflation was brought down to single digit annual figures, but not fast enough to avoid substantial real exchange rate appreciation during the transition phase of the "Real Plan". This appreciation meant that Brazilian goods were now more expensive relative to goods from other countries, which contributed to large current account deficits. no shortage of foreign currency ensued because of the financial community's renewed interest in Brazilian markets as inflation rates stabilized and the debt crisis of the eighties faded from memory. The maintenance of large current account deficits via capital account surpluses became problematic as investors became more risk averse to emerging market exposure as a consequence of the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the Russian bond default in August 1998. After crafting a fiscal adjustment program and pledging progress on structural reform, Brazil received a $41.5 billion IMF-led international support program in November 1998. In January 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank announced that the real would no longer be pegged to the US dollar. This devaluation helped moderate the downturn in economic growth in 1999 that investors had expressed concerns about over the summer of 1998. Brazil's debt to GDP ratio for 1999 beat the IMF target and helped reassure investors that Brazil will maintain tight fiscal and monetary policy even with a floating currency. The economy continued to recover in 2000, with inflation remaining in the single digits and expected growth for 2001 of 4.5%. Foreign direct investment set a record of more than $30 billion in 2000.
| Brazil | Education | Back to Top |
As in other areas of social life, education in Brazil is marked by great inequalities, with a highly developed university system at one extreme and widespread illiteracy at the other. contempt considerable progress in coverage, serious problems of quality remain. In 1995 the federal government was spending almost twice as much on the universities as on basic education, which is the primary responsibility of states and municipalities. Local governments often paid teachers wages that were well below the legal minimum.
In 1990 there were 37.7 million students, as compared with 10.2 million in 1965. Of the 1990 total, 4 million students were in preschool, 30 million in elementary school, 3.6 million in secondary school, and 1.7 million in university. contempt this progress, less than 40 % of the high school-age population was listed in school.
Primary education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 14; secondary education lasts for four years. Education is free in official primary and secondary schools. There was a major reform of education in 1971 that provided a basic education of eight years, with a common core of studies.
| Brazil | Government | Back to Top |
Administrative Subdivisions: Composed of 5,581 municipalities (1997) and 9,274 districts (1995). These subdivisions com-bined into twenty-six states and Federal District of Brasília. These states and Federal District form five major regions: North, including states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins; Northeast, including Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe; Southeast, including Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo; South, including Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina; and Center-West, including Federal District, Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul. North Region, nation's largest, covers 45.3 % of national territory; Northeast, 18.3 %; Southeast, 10.9 %; South, smallest, 6.8 per-cent; and Center-West, 18.9 %. Brasília seat of govern-ment, housing administrator, legislative, and judicial branches.
Government: Federative republic with broad powers granted to federal government. Constitution, reenacted/revised on October 5, 1988, establishes presidential system with three branches--administrator, legislative, and judicial. Chief of state and head of government is president. Fernando Henrique Cardoso won 1994 presidential elections in first round on October 3, taking 54 % of vote, and assumed office on January 1, 1995. President assisted by vice president (elected with president) and presidentially appointed and headed cabinet. Cardoso may stand for reelection in 1998. Bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of Federal Senate (Senado Federal), with eighty-one members (three for each state and Federal District) popularly elected to eight-year terms, and Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados), with 513 members popularly elected to four-year terms. Elections for both houses simultaneous and based on proportional representation weighted in favor of less populous states. vote compulsory for Brazilians above age of eighteen. Highest court Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal--STF), whose eleven justices, including chief justice, appointed by president to serve until age seventy. Each state has own judicial system. Federal revenue-sharing program, accomplished by 1988 constitution, provides states with substantial resources. Framework of state and local government similar to federal government. Governors may stand for reelection to four-year terms in 1998. Federal District also governed by governor and vice governor. Governors have more limited powers than counterparts in United States because of centralized nature of Brazilian system and 1988 constitution, which reserves to federal government all powers not specifically delegated to states. States and municipalities have limited taxing authority.
National Election Dates: Presidential, congressional, and state elections occur simultaneously every four years in October and November; held in October-November 1994 and scheduled for 1998 and 2002. Dates of municipal elections: October-November 1996, 2000, and 2004.
Politics: Returned to democratic civilian government in 1985 after more than two decades of military rule (1964-85). President Fernando Collor de Mello elected in November 1989 and took office on March 15, 1990, first directly elected president in twenty-nine years. Chamber of Deputies impeached Collor in September 1992 on corruption charges, and he was removed from office by Senate vote that December. His vice president, Itamar Franco, then assumed presidency. In October 1994, Brazil held elections for presidency, state governorships, Chamber of Deputies, and two-thirds of Senate. Fernando Henrique Cardoso (president, 1995- ) gained election on strength of heterodox alliance between his Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira--PSDB) and two center-right parties, Liberal Front Party (Partido da Frente Liberal--PFL) and Brazilian Labor Party (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro--PTB). Alliance seen at time as strictly electoral, with little chance of lasting long into administration. Thus far, it has remained intact, with Cardoso adding Brazil's largest party, Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro--PMDB), to coalition immediately after election. Rivalries among parties for plum federal appointments in key states and regions have, plagued coalition, as has factiousness within parties. Congress uses committee system much like United States; there are six Senate committees and sixteen House committees. A famous distinction is absence of conference committees to work out differences between competing legislative texts; instead, bill modified by one house must be returned to originating house for up-or-down vote on modifications. Party leaders play key role in setting voting agenda. Also valuable are "rapporteurs" for individual bills; negative rapporteur's report can effectively kill bill before it reaches committee vote. Since Cardoso's inau-guration, Congress has devoted itself largely to constitutional reform. Each constitutional amendment requires approval by margin of two-thirds, twice over, in each house (total of four votes). contempt obstacles, Congress has moved constitutional reform forward farther and faster than expected, particularly in economic area.
Political Parties: Fourteen political parties span most of political spectrum. PMDB (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party) Brazil's largest party; PFL (Liberal Front Party) is second largest party and largest on center-right; PTB (Brazilian Labor Party) is populist party confined to several western states; PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party) includes President Cardoso and espouses a center-left social democratic agenda and free-market economy with greater involvement in health care and education; Brazilian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Brasileiro--PSB) is leftist party; Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Comunista do Brasil--PC do B) still has Soviet-style platform. Other parties include Democratic Social Party (Partido Democrático Social--PDS) and Democratic Labor Party (Partido Democrático Trabalhista--PDT), populist party whose leaders, including Leonel de Moura Brizola, stress greater government role in addressing Brazil's social problems. Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) is also center-right party, popular among small businessmen at state and local levels in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro; National Reconstruction Party (Partido da Reconstrução Nacional--PRN) is party of former President Collor de Mello; Popular Socialist Party (Partido Popular Socialista--PPS) is former Brazilian Communist Party, renamed in 1993; Progressive Party (Partido Progressista--PP) is center-right party supporting market-oriented policies; Progressive Renewal Party (Partido Progressista Renovador--PPR) is another center-right party supporting free-market reforms; and Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores--PT) is European-style leftist party headed by party founder Luis Inacio "Lula" da Silva.
Foreign Relations: traditionally, United States-oriented but foreign policy increasingly various and pragmatic. Foreign policy controlled by trade concerns. Highly active and pro-fessional Ministry of Foreign Affairs popularly known as Itamaraty. Guiding principles of Brazilian diplomacy, as defined by President Cardoso, involve quest for greater democracy in international relations and support for economic multilateralism with clear and defined rules. Defense of principle of sustainable development at Rio de Janeiro's Earth Summit in June l992, conclusion in 1995 of Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and desire for permanent seat on United Nations Security Council all part of these basic objectives. Parallel regional objectives include need for Brazil to seek regional options for increasing nation's bargaining power. Brazilian proposal for creation of South American Free Trade Association (SAFTA) is valuable step in this direction.
| Brazil | History | Back to Top |
Exports, Slavery and Patriarchy have been the three constants of Brazilian history. The export orientation of the colonial economy shaped Brazil's society. Even the name "Brazil," like the nation itself, is suggestive of commerce and the pursuit of wealth. Brazil's name derives from the brazilwood trees from which Europeans sought in the 16th century to make valuable red dyes. the central fact of the nation's history was the exploitation of cheap labor, first as slaves, then as wage-earners.
Brazil's history can be separated into five economic times, each characterized by a dominant export product. The first time, from 1500 to 1550, involved the logging of brazilwood along the coast of the Northeast. Brazilwood was the source of a red dye valuable to the expanding textile industry of 16th-century northern Europe, particularly Normandy and Flanders. The trees and the ready labor of the natives, who were eager to obtain metal products in return for cutting and hauling logs to the coast, attracted Portuguese and French ships.
The 5th time began in the 1930s with import-substitution industrialization and extended into the 1990s. Industry's initial and heaviest concentration was in the triangle of São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro-Belo Horizonte. The time was perhaps best symbolized by the steel mills of Volta Redonda, built in 1944, and São Paulo's integrated industrial zone. Industrialization and its parallel urbanization attracted rural migrants from throughout the nation, but particularly from the drought-plagued Northeast. In the space of a generation after 1940, Brazil leaped from the age of the bull-cart to that of the internal combustion engine, changing the national map in the process.
| Brazil | Introduction | Back to Top |
Brazil, officially Federative Republic of Brazil, federal republic, the largest nation in South America, occupying nearly one half of the entire area of the continent. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and the Atlantic Ocean; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by Uruguay; on the west by Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru; and on the north-west by Colombia.
Population 157,872,000 (1996 estimate) Population Density 19 people/sq km (48 people/sq mi) (1996 estimate) Urban/Rural Breakdown 78% Urban 22% Rural Largest Cities Sao Paulo9,842,059 Rio de Janeiro5,547,033 Salvador2,174,072 Belo Horizonte2,060,804 (1993 estimate) Ethnic Groups 22% Mulatto 15% Portuguese 12% Mestizo 11% Italian 11% black 10% Spanish 19% Other including Germans, Japanese, and Native Americans Languages Official Language Portuguese Other Languages Native American languages, German, Japanese, Italian Religions 90% Roman Catholicism 6% Protestantism 4% Other
| Brazil | Land | Back to Top |
N/A
| Brazil | Languages | Back to Top |
Portuguese is the official and widespread language of Brazil, although there are some regional variations in pronunciation and slang words. Since 1938 Portuguese has been the compulsory language for teaching in schools, but German and Italian are still spoken in homes in the South by some descendants of immigrants. English and French are the main second languages of educated Brazilians.
| Brazil | Legal | Back to Top |
Legal system: based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
vote: voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age
Administrator branch: chief of state: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 4 October 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life)
| Brazil | Life | Back to Top |
The Portuguese crown and religious authorities in Brazil were not entirely successful in implanting their ideals with regard to marriage and the patricentric family. Brazilians have limited enthusiasm for official norms and often resort to consensual unions, marital dissolution, serial unions, and what the Roman Catholic Church generally considers to be lax standards of behavior.
At the same time that many of them bend the rules, Brazilians place high value on family and kinship relations. These are particularly valued in an environment in which authorities, on the one hand, and one's subordinates, on the other, are thought to be untrustworthy. Most Brazilians are genuinely fond of children and are attached to their parents, and they cultivate a wide circle of aunts, uncles, and cousins. In the past, relationships with godchildren, godparents, and ritual co-parents extended these networks, but they are losing their importance in modern urban society.
Marital separation and divorce as well as formal and informal remarriage are now commonplace. Women commonly head their own households, and families often include children from different marriages or unions. The new arrangements are socially accepted but have not become culturally institutionalized in the sense of devising new terminology for the various relationships.
| Brazil | organization | Back to Top |
AfDB, BIS, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOP, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
| Brazil | People | Back to Top |
By 1950 it had grown to 51,944,400, and in 1970 it reached 93,139,000. By 1991 Brazil was the world's sixth most populous nation, with about 2.7 % of the world's 5.3 billion people or 147,054,000 inhabitants. In July 1996, the population was counted as being 157,079,500, but around in 1997 to be nearly 160 million. Projections suggest a total population of 169 million in 2000 and 210 million in 2020, and population stability at about 250 million in 2050. The population growth rate for the 1990 to 2000 time is around at 1.5 % per year. As a result of the decline in mortality and continued high fertility during the 1950s and 1960s, the average growth rate was nearly 3 % per year.
Average population density in Brazil in 1994 was 19 inhabitants per square kilometer. There was a wide variation between the densely populated Southeast and South, on the one hand, and the sparse North and Center-West, on the other, with the Northeast at intermediate levels.
Brazil’s population is a mixture of Native American, European, and African peoples. These groups have intermingled over the years to create a society with considerable ethnic complexity. The Native American population has been in Brazil the longest, but is now the smallest group.
| Brazil | Politics | Back to Top |
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO, president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU, president] Political pressure groups and leaders: left wing of the Catholic Church, Landless Worker's Movement, and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are critical of government's social and economic policies
| Brazil | Provinces | Back to Top |
26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
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| Brazil | Time | Back to Top |
| Brazil | Currency and General Information | Back to Top |
| Countries Currency Unit | BRL/Unit | Units/BRL | |
| DZD | Algeria Dinars | 0.0300337 | 33.2959 |
| USD | United States Dollars | 2.32500 | 0.430108 |
| ARS | Argentina Pesos | 0.789474 | 1.26667 |
| AUD | Australia Dollars | 1.24042 | 0.806178 |
| ATS | Austria Schillings ** | 0.147170 | 6.79488 |
| BSD | Bahamas Dollars | 2.32500 | 0.430108 |
| BBD | Barbados Dollars | 1.16834 | 0.855914 |
| BEF | Belgium Francs ** | 0.0502009 | 19.9200 |
| BMD | Bermuda Dollars | 2.32500 | 0.430108 |
| BRL | Brazil Reals | 1.00000 | 1.00000 |
| GBP | United Kingdom Pounds | 3.31513 | 0.301647 |
| BGL | Bulgaria Leva | 1.03996 | 0.961579 |
| CAD | Canada Dollars | 1.45753 | 0.686092 |
| CLP | Chile Pesos | 0.00354178 | 282.344 |
| CNY | China Yuan Renminbi | 0.280885 | 3.56017 |
| CYP | Cyprus Pounds | 3.53881 | 0.282581 |
| CZK | Czech Republic Koruny | 0.0655873 | 15.2469 |
| DKK | Denmark Kroner | 0.272597 | 3.66841 |
| XCD | East Caribbean Dollars | 0.861111 | 1.16129 |
| EGP | Egypt Pounds | 0.501889 | 1.99247 |
| EUR | Euro | 2.02510 | 0.493803 |
| FJD | Fiji Dollars | 1.04027 | 0.961290 |
| FIM | Finland Markkaa ** | 0.340597 | 2.93602 |
| FRF | France Francs ** | 0.308724 | 3.23914 |
| DEM | Germany Deutsche Marks ** | 1.03542 | 0.965795 |
| XAU | Gold Ounces | 702.721 | 0.00142304 |
| GRD | Greece Drachmae ** | 0.00594306 | 168.263 |
| HKD | Hong Kong Dollars | 0.298092 | 3.35467 |
| HUF | Hungary Forint | 0.00832810 | 120.075 |
| ISK | Iceland Kronur | 0.0232515 | 43.0081 |
| INR | India Rupees | 0.0476396 | 20.9909 |
| IDR | Indonesia Rupiahs | 0.000236655 | 4,225.56 |
| IEP | Ireland Pounds ** | 2.57134 | 0.388902 |
| ILS | Israel New Shekels | 0.490202 | 2.03998 |
| ITL | Italy Lire ** | 0.00104588 | 956.136 |
| JMD | Jamaica Dollars | 0.0488343 | 20.4774 |
| JPY | Japan Yen | 0.0175273 | 57.0538 |
| JOD | Jordan Dinars | 3.27927 | 0.304946 |
| LBP | Lebanon Pounds | 0.00153567 | 651.183 |
| LUF | Luxembourg Francs ** | 0.0502009 | 19.9200 |
| MYR | Malaysia Ringgits | 0.612003 | 1.63398 |
| MXN | Mexico Pesos | 0.258037 | 3.87541 |
| NZD | New Zealand Dollars | 1.02412 | 0.976445 |
| NOK | Norway Kroner | 0.262603 | 3.80802 |
| NLG | Netherlands Guilders ** | 0.918949 | 1.08820 |
| PKR | Pakistan Rupees | 0.0387177 | 25.8280 |
| PHP | Philippines Pesos | 0.0455704 | 21.9441 |
| XPT | Platinum Ounces | 1,206.62 | 0.000828759 |
| PLN | Poland Zlotych | 0.565451 | 1.76850 |
| PTE | Portugal Escudos ** | 0.0101011 | 98.9987 |
| ROL | Romania Lei | 0.0000705936 | 14,165.59 |
| RUR | Russia Rubles | 0.0747108 | 13.3849 |
| SAR | Saudi Arabia Riyals | 0.619990 | 1.61293 |
| XAG | Silver Ounces | 10.7644 | 0.0928990 |
| SGD | Singapore Dollars | 1.26208 | 0.792344 |
| SKK | Slovakia Koruny | 0.0484879 | 20.6237 |
| ZAR | South Africa Rand | 0.204706 | 4.88506 |
| KRW | South Korea Won | 0.00176029 | 568.088 |
| ESP | Spain Pesetas ** | 0.0121711 | 82.1619 |
| XDR | IMF Special Drawing Rights | 2.89885 | 0.344965 |
| SDD | Sudan Dinars | 0.00894231 | 111.828 |
| SEK | Sweden Kronor | 0.224401 | 4.45631 |
| CHF | Switzerland Francs | 1.38289 | 0.723125 |
| TWD | Taiwan New Dollars | 0.0665236 | 15.0323 |
| THB | Thailand Baht | 0.0533848 | 18.7319 |
| TTD | Trinidad and Tobago Dollars | 0.379902 | 2.63226 |
| TRL | Turkey Liras | 0.00000172979 | 578,106.51 |
| VEB | Venezuela Bolivares | 0.00252501 | 396.039 |
| ZMK | Zambia Kwacha | 0.000520134 | 1,922.58 |